Performance Evaluation of pig manure - Papaya leaf composite for Remediation of Crude oil Polluted Soil
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Abstract
Bioremediation of crude oil-contaminated soil using low-cost organic amendments offers a sustainable alternative to conventional methods. This study evaluated the efficacy of pig manure, papaya (Carica papaya) leaf, and their composite in remediating Bonny Light crude oil-polluted silt soil over 70 days. Three treatments were established: T1 (papaya leaf), T2 (pig manure), and T3 (pig manure–papaya leaf composite). Soil pH, total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH), heavy metals (Zn, Cr, Pb, Cd), total heterotrophic bacteria (THB) and hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria (HUB) were monitored at 14-day intervals. Results showed progressive pH recovery from 4.90 to 7.60, 7.20 and 6.85 in T3, T2 and T1, respectively. TPH declined from 19,200 mg/kg to 960 mg/kg (95.0%), 2,496 mg/kg (87.0%) and 4,608 mg/kg (76.0%) in T3, T2 and T1. Similarly, Zn and Cr were reduced to 38.40 mg/kg and 4.10 mg/kg in T3, the lowest among treatments. THB and HUB in T3 increased from 2.5 × 10⁵ to 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g and 1.5 × 10⁴ to 1.4 × 10⁶ CFU/g, respectively. ANOVA confirmed significant effects of treatment and time on TPH reduction (p < 0.05). The pig manure–papaya leaf composite demonstrated superior performance through synergistic nutrient supply, enhanced bioavailability and heavy metal immobilization. It is recommended as a cost-effective and eco-friendly strategy for remediation of crude oil-polluted soils in the Niger Delta.
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References
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